How to prepare soil for the foundation

The quality and duration of the operation of any building determines primarily its foundation. Before arranging the foundation, a number of preparatory work aimed at preparing the site for construction work should be carried out. About how depth to dig a foundation and how to prepare the soil for its arrangement, we will talk about this further.

Soil for the foundation: Features of preparation

Before moving on to the features of the preparation of the soil for the arrangement of the foundation, we suggest that you familiarize yourself with its main types. Distinguish the foundation:

pile type - its installation is appropriate in the case when leashes occur;
The foundation of a continuous type - is equipped on any soil with a fairly low level of groundwater;
The columnar type of the foundation is equipped if it is planned to build a light in the design of the building, in the form of technical buildings, small garages, etc.;
The foundation of the strip type is the most popular with low -rise construction.

The most popular material in the process of manufacturing foundations is a concrete composition with reinforced metal inserts. It is he who is able to provide the necessary strength of the structure and protect it from the effects of external factors, such as moisture, temperature changes.

The main advantage of concrete is to obtain a single monolithic foundation that can withstand heavy loads.

However, an important process of arranging the foundation is the preparation of the foundation for its construction. We offer to get acquainted with the main recommendations for the preparation of soil for the foundation:

If there are weak soils and a significant load on them, we recommend that you prefer the pile type of foundation;
The columnar type of foundation is suitable for a fairly strong and durable type of soil;
If underground waters are unevenly present on the surface, we recommend that you prefer a continuous -type foundation, which is laid on the surface in the form of a plate;
In all other cases, we recommend using the arrangement of the foundation of the tape type.

Some types of soils and geological studies conducted before the construction of them at home involve the arrangement of two or three different foundations for one building at once.

A properly executed foundation is a key to long -term operation of the whole house. Therefore, it cannot be saved on it in any case.

Testing the soil for the foundation includes, first of all, the determination of the depth of freezing of the soil. If this is not done, then the bulging of the soil cannot be avoided, and it will lead to the destruction of the integrity of the foundation and subsequently the entire building.

In order to calculate the depth of freezing of the mail, such actions should be performed:

determine climatic characteristics in the region;
determine the depth at which the main communication systems are laid;
calculate the load from the entire building;
Determine the properties and characteristics of the soil.

Thus, when determining the optimal depth of the foundation, all these factors should be taken into account that will help to avoid its destruction, under the influence of soil opening.

If the soil does not have a predisposition to fluff and the height of groundwater is at a high level from the ground, then it is allowed to equip the foundation above this indicator. However, in this case, you should definitely use the calculations of specialists.

If the building has a basement or basement, then in this case, you should take care of the organization of high -quality waterproofing. At the same time, special fillers are added to the concrete composition that improve its opposition to moisture.

How to dig a foundation correctly: preparatory stage of work

Before starting work on the basis of the foundation, experts are developing a project that indicates all individual features of work in a given area.

The main part of the foundation is the basis that is equipped under it. It has the form of a pillow, how high -quality the structure of the pillow depends on the strength of the foundation and its ability to withstand heavy loads.

In the process of building the most popular strip type of foundation, two types of pillows are distinguished:

a pillow based on the pouring concrete composition;
Castle type pillow.

Therefore, when determining the depth of the foundation, you should first determine the size and type of pillow.

The main functions that are assigned to prepare the foundation for construction:

ensure minimal contact of the base and sole of the foundation;
Create good supporting soil abilities on which the building is built.

Instructions on how to prepare soil for the foundation is as follows:

1. Carry out work on marking the location of the foundation. Clean the surface of excessive vegetation, extraneous objects and garbage.

2. The maximum cleaning of the bottom of the foundation is capable of carrying out a bulldozer, which cuts the upper part of the soil from the surface.

3. The next, rather important step is to carry out the seal of the soil under the foundation. For these purposes, you will need a fist or smooth heavy rink or special trim machines.

4. This process is carried out gradually, in parts, first, one section of the foundation is trimmed, and then the following. We offer to familiarize yourself with the advice, by conducting soil compaction for the foundation:

Vibration is used to seal sand soil;
To compact the forest subsidiary soil, it must first soak it, the filling of previously prepared pit with water, and then fill them with drainage;
To perform a deep seal, you should use a device that simultaneously moistens the soil and affects it with vibration;
Piles based on soil or sand are able to help in compaction of stained or weak soil;
To compact peat soil, vacation or electric osmosis should be used.

5. The next stage is not mandatory for all types of soil, however, in some cases, it is simply necessary. It consists in moisturizing or draining the soil in the process of performing its trim.

Large of soil under the foundation: technology for performing work

After the preparation of the soil and the arrangement of the pit in it, the laying procedure in the foundation of the gravel follows. Please note that the width of the foundation at this stage should be more than the standard width of the foundation, which will be poured with concrete solution. The difference between the values \u200b\u200bshould be 10-20 cm, depending on the depth of the foundation.

In order to equip a cushion pillow under the foundation, such actions should be performed:

put a pillow of sand, its thickness is up to 10 cm;
Pour the base with water and compact well;
lay gravel, layer thickness of about twenty -five centimeters;
Tamp the surface, add crushed stone if necessary.

In order to equip a sand pillow under the foundation, we recommend performing the following actions:

take care of arranging the pit of the required size;
align the bottom of the pit;
lay sand into the pit with a thickness of 200 mm, gradually adding water, carry out its tamping;
Follow the thoroughness of the work;
In addition, one should not forget about the horizontal and evenness of the resulting coating, if necessary, add the sand so that the pillow reaches the desired thickness;
Start the procedure for reinforcing and arranging formwork for filling.

What are the advantages of arranging a pillow made of sand for the foundation:

This foundation element is perfectly opposed before compression, protects the foundation from soil exposure;
It is possible to replace the soil with the foundation - sandy;
With the help of sand, it is possible to achieve perfect evenness at the bottom of the pit;
Sand increases the stability of the soil before shrinkage and gives it additional strength;
It is used to protect metal reinforcement from moisture, that is, performs a waterproofing function.

We offer to familiarize yourself with the tips for arranging the sand pillow before digging the trench under the foundation:

For the manufacture of a sand pillow, it is recommended that the use of gravelly large sand with a large fraction or sand from a river with a middle fraction;
Divide the width of the pit in which the sand pillow is laid into three, the resulting value is equalized by the maximum thickness of the sand layer, which is equipped with the foundation;
We recommend laying sand in the form of a trapezoid, that is, the pillow should expand to the top of the foundation, and narrow to the bottom.

Features of the analysis of soil for the foundation

To conduct soil samples for the foundation, we recommend that you seek help from specialists, however, if you have such an opportunity, we offer to consider the recommendations for independent soil analysis:

1. Take a little soil from the place on which the foundation will be located. Rush it on paper. Take care of removing foreign inclusions from the soil in the form of stones, garbage or plant roots.

2. Take the spray gun with it spray water to the soil surface. Fill one quarter of a three -liter jar of glass by soil.

3. The third part of the can, given the kidney, pour water. It is recommended to add one teaspoon of the product to this composition for this composition for washing dishes. Do not add shampoos or liquid soap to the composition of shampoos.

4. Next, close the jar and shake it for ten minutes. Thus, the soil is divided into several mineral components.

5. Leave the bank alone for three days. Next, the process of settlement will occur first of large and then small parts of the soil.

6. With the help of a marker, after you left the bank, you will mark the level at which the sand settled. After two hours, it should be noted the level of sketching of sludge inclusions.

7. After the water acquires transparency, clay should be indicated. The last mark is installed on the third day, however, if after three days the water remained muddy, then the bank should be left for a maximum of seven days.

8. Write down the size measured according to marker markers. Next, the percentage of the content of each of the components in the soil should be calculated, and based on it, calculations are carried out, by the depth and type of the foundation equipped for the construction of the building.

General recommendations for determining the type of soil:

Sand settles at the bottom for one minute, after the bank was left alone;
silt time from 15 minutes to one hour;
Clay settles longer, for several hours.

How to dig a trench under the foundation: technology and features

The analysis of the soil allows you to determine how much the foundation is digging. After the answer to the question is how to deeply dig the foundation was found, we proceed directly to the performance of work, the essence of which is as follows:

1. For work, calculations should be carried out, the accuracy of which is measured in centimeters.

2. The entire cycle of work, which includes digging a foundation pit, arranging two types of pillows, preparation of soil, etc. They are conducted continuously, in the same season.

3. Keep in mind that the main key to the proper operation of the foundation is to ensure its protection against moisture. For this, high -quality waterproofing should be provided.

4. It should not be reduced by the size of the foundation due to the savings of building materials, since this is a very important part of the building, which accounts for a large load in the process of its operation.

In order to manually dig a trench under the foundation, you will need the presence:

shovels;
soil tamping device;
cars with which the earth will be exported;
peg;
roulette;
level.

Before digging the foundation under the house, you should decide on its size and make markings for this, use our recommendations:

To mark the site, you will need the presence of pegs, which are installed first at the corners of the foundation, and then along its perimeter;
Tighten the thread that will serve as a guideline for determining the evenness of the foundation.

Dig the foundation. The price of these work depends on their volume and on the depth of the foundation. How much to dig under the foundation should be determined based on the characteristics of the soil and the overall load of the building to the surface of the foundation.

There are two ways with which we dig a foundation:

manual;
Automated.

The choice of one or another option depends on the individual characteristics of the building, the possibility of hiring machine equipment and the depth of the pit itself.

How to dig a video foundation:

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